1950s and 1960s

Stommel, H., A. B. Arons and D. Blanchard, An oceanographical curiosity: the perpetual salt fountain, Deep-Sea Res., 3, 152-153, 1956.

Stern, M. E., The salt-fountain and thermohaline convection, Tellus, 12, 172-175, 1960.

Turner, J. S. and H. Stommel, A new case of convection in the presence of combined vertical salinity and temperature gradients, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 52, 49-53, 1964.

Swallow, J. C. and J. Crease, Hot salty water at the bottom of the Red Sea, Nature, 205, 165-166, 1965.

Turner, J. S., The coupled turbulent transports of salt and heat across a sharp density interface, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 8, 759-767, 1965.

Veronis, G., On finite amplitude instability in thermohaline convection, J. Mar. Res., 23, 1-17, 1965.

Hoare, R. A., Problems of heat transfer in Lake Vanda, a density stratified Antarctic lake, Nature, 210, 787-789, 1966.

Munns, R. G., R. J. Stanley and C. D. Densmore, Hydrographic observations of the Red Sea brines, Nature, 214, 1215-1217, 1967.

Hoare, R. A., Thermohaline convection in Lake Vanda, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 607-612, 1968.

Shirtcliffe, T. G. L. and I. M. Calhaem, Measurements of temperature and electrical conductivity in Lake Vanda, N. Z..Journal of Geol. and Geophys., 11, 976-981, 1968.

Tait, R. I. and M. R. Howe, Some observations of thermo-haline stratification in the deep ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 15, 275-280, 1968.

Turner, J. S., The behavior of a stable salinity gradient heated from below, J. Fluid Mech., 33, 183-200, 1968.

Turner, J. S., Effect of molecular diffusion on entrainment across a density interface, J. Fluid Mech., 33, 183-200, 1968.

Veronis, G., Effect of a stabilizing gradient of solute on thermal convection, J. Fluid Mech., 34, 315-336, 1968.

Hurle, D. and E. Jakeman, Significance of the Soret effect in the Rayleigh-Jeffreys problem, Phys. Fluids, 12, 2704-2705, 1969.

Neal, V. T., S. Neshyba and W. Denner, Thermal stratification in the Arctic Ocean, Science, 166, 373-374, 1969.

Shirtcliffe, T. G. L., The development of layered thermosolutal convection, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 12, 215-222, 1969.

Thorpe, S. A., P. K. Hutt and R. Soulsby, The effect of horizontal gradients on thermohaline convection, J. Fluid Mech., 38, 375-400, 1969.

1970s

Caldwell, D. R., Non-linear effects in a Rayleigh-Benard experiment, J. Fluid Mech., 42, 161-175, 1970.

Federov, K. N., On the step-like structure of temperature inversions in the ocean, Izv., Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 6, 1178-1188, 1970.

Turner, J. S., T. G. L. Shirtcliffe and P. G. Brewer, Elemental variations of transport coefficients across density interfaces in multiply diffusive systems, Nature, 228, 1083-1084, 1970.

Baker, D. J., Density gradients in a rotating stratified fluid: experimental evidence for a new instability, Science, 172, 1029-1031, 1971.

Huppert, H. E., On the stability of a series of double-diffusive layers, Deep-Sea Res., 18, 1005-1021, 1971.

Hurle, D. T. and E. Jakeman, Soret-driven thermosolutal convection, J. Fluid Mech., 47, 667-687, 1971.

Neshyba, S., V. T. Neal and W. Denner, Temperature and conductivity measurements under Ice Island T-3, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 9107-8120, 1971.

Pingree, R. D., Analysis of the temperature and salinity small-scale structure in the region of Mediterranean influence in the N. E. Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res., 18, 485-491, 1971.

Huppert, H. E. and J. S. Turner, Double-diffusive convection and its implications for the temperature and salinity structure of the ocean and Lake Vanda, J. Phys. oceanogr., 2, 456-461, 1972.

Straus, J. M., Finite-amplitude double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid Mech., 56, 353-374, 1972.

Osborn, T. R., Temperature microstructure in Powell Lake, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 302-307, 1973.

Pingree, R. D., The stability of small-scale structures, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 3, 338-343, 1973.

Shirtcliffe, T. G. L., Transport and profile measurements of the diffusive interface in double diffusive convection with similar diffusivities, J. Fluid Mech., 57, 27-43, 1973.

Caldwell, D. R., Experimental studies on the onset of thermohaline convection, J. Fluid Mech., 64, 347-367, 1974.

Turner, J. S., Double-diffusive phenomena, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 6, 37-56, 1974.

Turner, J. S. and C. F. Chen, Two-dimensional effects in double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid Mech., 63, 577-592, 1974.

Caldwell, D. R., Comments on "Variable fluid properties in Benard convection," Physics of Fluids, 18, 272-273, 1975.

Crapper, P. F., Measurements across a diffusive interface, Deep-Sea Res., 22, 537-545, 1975.

Neshyba, S., V. T. Neal and R. Tucker, Rapid high-resolution sampling of the internal waves on a density step, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 312-314, 1975.

Voorhis, A. D. and D. L. Dorson, Thermal convection in the Atlantis II hot brine pool, Deep-Sea Res., 22, 167-175, 1975.

Caldwell, D. R., Thermosolutal convection in a solution with large negative Soret coefficient, J. Fluid Mech., 74, 129-138, 1976.

Huppert, H. E., Transitions in double-diffusive convection, Nature, 263, 20-22, 1976.

Huppert, H. E. and D. R. Moore, Nonlinear double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid Mech., 78, 821-854, 1976.

Marmorino, G. O. and D. R. Caldwell, Heat and salt transport through a diffusive thermohaline interface, Deep-Sea Res., 23, 59-68, 1976.

Merceret, F. J., A possible manifestation of double-diffusive convection in the atmosphere, Boundary-Layer Met., 11, 121-123, 1977.

Huppert, H. E. and J. S. Turner, Melting icebergs, Nature, 271, 46-48, 1978.

Linden, P. F. and T. G. L. Shirtcliffe, The diffusive interface in double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid Mech., 87, 417-432, 1978.

Posmentier, E. S. and R. W. Houghton, Fine structure instabilities induced by double diffusion in the shelf/slope water front, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5135-5138, 1978.

Griffiths, R. W., The transport of multiple components through thermohaline diffusive interfaces, Deep-Sea Res., 26, 383-397, 1979.

Huppert, H. E., and P. F. Linden, On heating a stable salinity gradient from below, J. Fluid Mech., 95, 431-464, 1979.

Ruddick, B. R. and J. S. Turner, The vertical length scale of double-diffusive intrusions, Deep-Sea Res., 26, 903-913, 1979.

1980s

Huppert, H. E. and J. S. Turner, Ice blocks melting into a salinity gradient, J. Fluid Mech., 100, 367-384, 1980.

DaCosta, L. N., E. Knobloch and N. O. Weiss, Oscillations in double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid Mech., 109, 25-43, 1981.

Huppert, H. E., and J. S. Turner, Double-diffusive convection, J. Fluid Mech., 106, 299-329, 1981.

Jacobs, C. A., H. E. Huppert, G. Holdsworth and D. J. Drewy, Thermohaline steps induced by melting at the Erebus Glacier tongue, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 6547-6555, 1981.

McDougall, T. J., Double-diffusive convection with a nonlinear equation of state, Progr. in Oceanogr., 10, 71-111, 1981.

McDougall, T. J., Fluxes of properties through a series of double-diffusive interfaces with a non-linear equation of state, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1294-1299, 1981.

Schmitt, R. W., Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the central water: evidence for double-diffusive mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1015-1026, 1981.

Toole, J. M. and D. T. Giorgi, On the dynamics and effects of double-diffusively driven intrusions, Prog. Oceanogr., 10, 123-145, 1981.

Garrett, C., On the parameterization of diapycnal fluxes due to double-diffusive intrusions, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 952-959, 1982.

Posmentier, E. S. and C. B. Hibbard, The role of tilt in double-diffusive interleaving, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 518-524, 1982.

Stern, M. E., Inequalities and variational principles in double-diffusive turbulence, J. Fluid Mech., 114, 105-121, 1982.

Holyer, J. Y., Double-diffusive interleaving due to horizontal gradients, J. Fluid Mech., 137, 347-362, 1983.

Chen, C. F. and D. H. Johnson, Double-diffusive convection: A report on an Engineering Foundation Conference, J. Fluid Mech., 138, 406-416, 1984.

Kelley, D., Effective diffusivities within oceanic thermohaline staircases, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10484-10488, 1984.

Mack, S. A., Two-dimensional measurements of oceanic microstructure: the role of double-diffusion, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1581-1604, 1985.

McDougall, T. J., Double-diffusive interleaving. Part II: Finite amplitude, steady state interleaving, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1542-1556, 1985.

McDougall, T. J., Double-diffusive interleaving. Part I: Linear stability analysis, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 1532-1541, 1985.

Posmentier, E. S. and A. D. Kirwan, Jr., The role of double diffusive interleaving in mesoscale dynamics, An hypothesis, J. Mar. Res., 43, 541-552, 1985.

Chereskin, T. K. and P. F. Linden, The effect of rotation on intrusions produced by heating a salinity gradient, Deep-Sea Res., 33, 305-322, 1986.

DeVerdiere, A. C., J. G. Harvey and M. Arhan, Stirring and mixing of thermohaline anomalies, J. Mar. Res., 44, 93-118, 1986.

Kerr, O. S. and J. Y. Holyer, The effect of rotation on double-diffusive interleaving, J. Fluid Mech., 162, 23-33, 1986.

Fernando, H. J. S., The formation of layered structure when a stable salinity gradient is heated from below, J. Fluid Mech., 182, 425-442, 1987.

Holyer, J. Y., T. J. Jones, M. G. Priestley and N. C. Williams, The effect of vertical temperature and salinity gradients on double diffusive interleaving, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 517-530, 1987.

Kelley, D., Interface migration in thermohaline staircases, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1633-1639, 1987.

Kelley, D., The influence of planetary rotation on oceanic double-diffusive fluxes, J. Mar. Res., J. Mar. Res., 45, 829-841, 1987.

Padman, L. and T. M. Dillon, Vertical heat fluxes through the Beaufort Sea thermohaline staircase, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 10,799-10,806, 1987.

Washburn, L. and R. H. Kase, Double diffusion and the distribution of the density ratio in the Mediterranean outflow southeast of the Azores, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 12-25, 1987.

Armi, L., D. Hebert, N. Oakey, J. Price, P. L. Richardson, T. Rossby and B. Ruddick, The history and decay of a Mediterranean salt lens, Nature, 333, 649-653, 1988.

Federov, K. N., Layer thicknesses and effective diffusivities in "diffusive" thermohaline convection, in Small-scale turbulence and mixing in the ocean, Nihoul & Jamart, eds, Elsevier Oc. Ser. 46, 471-480, 1988. Kelley, D. E., Explaining effective diffusivities within ocean thermohaline staircases, in Small-scale turbulence and mixing in the ocean, Nihoul & Jamart eds, Elsevier Oc. Ser. Vol 46, NY, 481-502, 1988.

McDougall, T. J., Some implications of ocean mixing for ocean modeling, in Small-scale turbulence and mixing in the ocean, Nihoul & Jamart, eds, Elsevier Oc. Ser. 46, NY, 21-36 pp, 1988.

Osborn, T. R., Signatures of doubly-diffusive convection and turbulence in an intrusive regime, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 145-155, 1988.

Taylor, J., The fluxes across diffusive interfaces at low values of the density ratio, Deep-Sea Res., 35, 555-568, 1988.

Boyd, J. D., Properties of thermal staircases off the northeast coast of South America, Spring and Fall, 1985, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8303-8312, 1989.

Fernando, H. J. S., Oceanographic implications of laboratory experiments on diffusive interfaces, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1707-1715, 1989.

Padman, L. and T. M. Dillon, Thermal microstructure and internal waves in the Canada Basin diffusive staircase, Deep-Sea Res., 36, 531-542, 1989.

Ruddick, B. R., R. W. Griffiths and G. Symonds, Frictional stress at a sheared double-diffusive interface, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18,161-18,173, 1989.

Ruddick, B. R. and D. Hebert, The mixing of meddy "Sharon", Small-scale mixing in the ocean, Elsevier Oceanographic Series, 46, 1988.

Ruddick, B. R., T. J. McDougall and J. S. Turner, The formation of layers in a uniformly-stirred density gradient, Deep-Sea Res., 36, 597-610, 1989.

Ruddick, B. and L. Zhang, The mythical thermohaline oscillation?, J. Mar. Res., 47, 717-746, 1989.

Yoshida, J., H. Nagashima and H, Niino, The behavior of double-diffusive intrusions in a rotating system, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4923-4938, 1989.

1990s

Bormans, M. and J. S. Turner, The formation of the doubly stable stratification in the Mediterranean outflow, Deep-Sea Res., 37, 1697-1712, 1990.

Clarke, R. A., J. H. Swift, J. L. Reid and K. P. Koltermann, The formation of Greenland Sea deep water: double diffusion or deep convection?, Deep-Sea Res. 37(9A), 1385-1424, 1990.

Fernando, H. J. S., Comments on "Interfacial migration in thermohaline staircases," J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1994-1996, 1990.

Kelley, D. E., Reply to "Comments on 'Interfacial migration in thermohaline staircases,' J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1997, 1990.

Kelley, D. E., Fluxes through diffusive staircases: a new formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3365-3372, 1990.

Krishnamurti, R. and Y. Zhy, Double diffusive convection with imposed vertical mass flux, J. Mar. Res., 48, 89-108, 1990.

Muench, R. D., H. J. S. Fernando and G. R. Stegen, Temperature and salinity staircases in the northwestern Weddell Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 295-306, 1990.

Osborn, T. R., Observations of the salt fountain, Atmos.-Oceans, 29, 340-356, 1991.

Richards, K. J., Double-diffusive interleaving at the equator, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 933-938.

Bormans, M., Effect of Rrho on double diffusive interleaving, Deep-Sea Res. 39, 871-884, 1992.

Fleury, M. and R. G. Lueck, Microstructure in and around a double-diffusive interface, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 701-718, 1992.

Ruddick, B., Intrusive mixing in a Mediterranean salt lens, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1274-1285, 1992.

Padman, L., Momentum fluxes through sheared oceanic thermohaline steps, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22,491-22,500, 1994.

Schmitt, R. W., Double diffusion in oceanography, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 255-286, 1994.

Schmitt, R. W., The salt finger experiments of Jevons (1857) and Rayleigh (1880), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 8-17, 1995.

Walsh, D. and B. Ruddick, Double-diffusive interleaving: The influence of non-constant diffusivities, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 348-358, 1995.

Kerr, R. C. and G. S. Kuiper, Particle settling through a diffusive-type thermohaline staircase in the ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 44, 399-412, 1997.

May, B. D. and D. E. Kelley, The effect of baroclinicity on double-diffusive interleaving, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1997-2008.